1.0 π
While using bc for calculations, the value of π is sometimes required. Sure, you might remember it as 3.1416, but it is better to use a higher precision value. And it's quite simple to do that.
First, we need to start bc with the option -l (ell) to use the standard math library. With the usage of the math library, the following functions become available to us.
- s (x), for the sine of x, where x is in radians,
- c (x), for the cosine of x, where x is in radians,
- a (x), for the arctangent of x, the returned arctangent is in radians,
- l (x), for the natural logarithm of x,
- e (x), for the exponential function of raising e to the power of x, and
- j (n, x), for the Bessel function of integer order n of x.
Since the arctangent of 1 is π/4 radians, the expression 4*a(1) gives the value of π and can be used in any expression. For example, if we wish to find the radius of a circle having an area of 263 square units, we can do the following.
$ bc -l bc 1.06.95 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details type `warranty'. sqrt (263 / (4 * a (1))) 9.14961748196813671663
Lastly, we can print the value of π in a shell script by passing the expression 4*a(1) as standard input to bc.
$ echo "4*a(1)" | bc -l 3.14159265358979323844
